Category Archives: Science and Explanation

The Einsteinian Context: Curvature and Relativity

Albert Einstein, Steven Weinberg, Lillian Lieber, Douglas Giancoli, Raymond A. Serway, Bernard Lonergan, Philip McShane, Peter Burley,

.1. Introductory

Graduate students seeking a thesis topic may expand this treatment of the Einsteinian context of Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics.  It should be of special interest to those having a strong background in theoretical physics and, thus, able to appreciate the analogies from physics.  “Similars are similarly understood.” (CWL 3, 288/313)

Philip McShane alerted us to the resemblances between Lonergan’s context of general macroeconomic dynamics and Einstein’s context of general relativity.

(Part Two entitled Fragments) belongs almost entirely in what I call the Einsteinian context of Part Three, in contrast to the Newtonian achievement of Part One; … [CWL 21, Index, 325]

A new science has emerged.  Lonergan has elevated conventional macrostatics to a macrodynamics explaining economic accelerations. (Continue reading)

The Acceptance of a “New Horizon” in Scientific Macroeconomics; A Spectacle of Insecurity

a new scientific theory gets across when the present generation of professors is retired. (Max Planck) (CWL 10, 93)

… a recession of the horizon within the scientific field meets with resistance.  The (human) subject dreads to change, to remodel the organization that is himself, his living in the scientific world. (CWL 10, 93)

Scientists will disagree; they will fight; the period of crisis and reformulation presents a spectacle of insecurity; (CWL 10, 94)

Lister’s discovery, one of the most important advances in medical history, was lightly dismissed. … By 1876, Lister’s steady and astonishing success had silenced nearly all of his detractors at home and in Europe.  The United States, however, remained inexplicably resistant.  … (Candice Millard: Destiny of the Republic (Doubleday, New York, 2011) pp. 14-16)

By ‘scientific development’ I mean development in mathematics or natural science.  The scientific horizon recedes, expands, when there occurs a crisis in existing methods, procedures, theories, assumptions, which are seen to fail.  They cannot handle known results, known observations or data, known conclusions. (CWL 10, 92-3)

It is this (eventual universal acceptance) of scientific development that commands the great esteem in which science is held. (CWL 10, 94)

Continue reading

The Real Issue Is Truth; Civilization Rises from Vague Symbols to Differentiated Consciousness and Universal Truths

Contents

Part I: Preliminaries

Part II; The Issue of Truth: Heuristics, Criterion, Canons, Verification

Part III: Symbols; Civilization’s Need for their Enucleation

III.a Symbols and the process from the primitive to the civilized

III b: Symbols and their enucleation toward objective truth and verification

Part I: Preliminaries

 

To preview fuller content we provide six brief excerpts:

“Functional” is for Lonergan a technical term pertaining to the realm of explanation, analysis, theory;  … a “function” … specifies “things in their relations to one another” … [CWL 15, 26-27  ftnt 27]

The proximate criterion of truth is reflective grasp of the virtually unconditioned … Essentially, then, because the content of judgment is unconditioned, it is independent of the judging subject.  Essentially,  rational consciousness is what issues in a product that is independent of itself.  (From) absolute objectivity … there follows a public or common terrain through which different subjects can and do communicate and agree. (CWL 3, 549-50/573)

A symbol is an image of a real or imaginary object that evokes a feeling or is evoked by a feeling. (CWL 14, 64/62)

No less than scientific language, symbolic language intends a truth yet can be wrong.  … … things have only one way of being, but humans do not have only one way of knowing.  One who knows scientifically knows universally; but this universality does not belong to things (as though each individual thing were a universal) but to the scientific way of knowing. CWL 11, 381)

Symbols obey the laws not of logic but of image and feeling.  For the logical class the symbol uses a representative figure.  For univocity it substitutes a wealth of multiple meanings.  It does not prove but it overwhelms with a manifold of images that converge in meaning.  It does not bow to the principle of excluded middle but admits the coincidentia oppositorum, of love and hate, of courage and fear, and so on.  It does not negate but overcomes what it rejects by heaping up all that is opposite to it.  It does not move on some single track or on some single level, but condenses into a bizarre unity all its present concerns. (CWL 14, 66/64)

progress is from the compactness of the symbol to the differentiation of philosophic, scientific, theological, and historical consciousness.(CWL 10, 55)

On this website, we attempt to concentrate our work on only the systematics and dynamics of Bernard Lonergan’s Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics.  That is, we treat only the formal cause or immanent intelligibility of the pure science of Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics rather than the efficient and final causes of concern to applied science.,

Continue reading

The Significance of Zero in Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics: Dynamic Equilibrium, Implicit Definitions, Concomitance, Turning Points

It will be informative and thought-provoking to regard various instances of zero –  expressed or implied and each zero’s significance in the normative theory of Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics.  We may say that zeroes are “normatively forceful”, or, speaking metaphorically, “quasi-gravitational”;  They signify a systematic exigence for a “normative pull” on all interdependent pretio-quantital flows into their proper concomitance and solidarity, so as to provide a tightly knit framework and general explanation of the whole, intelligible, unitary, dynamic functioning.  

First, we simply list, without context or backup, 12 instances of zero; then second, we relist and add substantiation regarding each instance. We hope the reader will consult the context of the zeroes and their substantiation on the pages referenced at the end of the excerpts. Continue reading

Connecting the Notions of “Concomitance,” “Solidarity,” “Implicit Definition,” “Functional Relations,” and “Unification”

Concomitance is, I would claim, the key word in Lonergan’s economic thinking. (Philip McShane, Fusion 1, p. 4, ftnt 10)

“Concomitance,”solidarity,” “implicit definition,” “functional interdependence,” and “unification” are the key principles foundational to the equation(s) providing the scientific general explanation of the organic economic process. Proper adherence to the principles ensures a unification of all explanatory conjugates and relations of the unitary system. The patterns in the terms and relations of the explanatory equation(s) would be isomorphic with the actual patterns constituting the process of velocitous (dynamic) production and exchange. (Also click here)

Consider the theoretical significance and, thus, the explanatory significance of the following:

There is a sense in which one may speak of the fraction of basic outlay that moves to basic income as the “costs” of basic production. … the greater the fraction that basic income is of total income (or total outlay), the less the remainder which constitutes the aggregate possibility of profit.  But what limits profit may be termed costs.  Hence we propose ….to speak of c’O’ and c”O” as costs of production, having warned the reader that the costs in question are aggregate and functional costs…. [CWL 15 156-57]  

Thus, we have basic Outlays-Incomes, c’O’ +c”O” = I’, explanatorily conjugate with – i.e. functionally related tobasic expenditures, E’ = P’Q’, which are implicitly defined in the following implicit equation: 

P’Q’ = p’a’Q’ + p”a”Q”  [CWL 15,156-62].

As was pointed out regarding Einstein’s general relativity equation – Gab = 8πTabin our treatment The Einsteinian Context: Curvature and Relativity (click here and here): Continue reading

The Two Components Explaining The Concrete Economic Process

One cannot help but think that Bernard Lonergan had Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics clearly in mind as he treated the intelligibility of world process in CWL 3, Insight: …, which book is very much an implementation or explanation of the acts of understanding of mathematicians and natural scientists.  In his own understanding of mathematics, the natural sciences, and the science of macroeconomics in particular, he grasped that the explanation of the dynamic concrete economic process is expressed by a conjoining of component abstract primary relationships with concrete secondary determinations from the non-systematic manifold of actual occurrences.  And these secondary determinations, such as particular prices and quantities, are to be interpreted in the light of the significant, abstract, explanatory variables rather than in the obscurity of the macrostatic IS-LM, and AD-AS models. (Continue reading)

The Great Interest-Rate Delusion and Hoax; The Circulation of Principal and Interest Payments

Readers of this post – especially economists in academe, the Federal Reserve, the Department of the Treasury and the National Bureau of Economic Research – should also read the following posts:

The entities actively constituting the current economic process are still contesting among themselves to restore the normative relations among Outlays-Incomes and Expenditures-Receipts distorted by the government’s recent inflationary flooding of free money into the various channels and pools of the system.   Also, keep in mind that the underlying  context of the excerpts selected below assumes a money supply and interest rates properly calibrated to support the correlation of the magnitudes and frequencies of flows of products with payments.  Unfortunately, the money supply has been bollixed and the monetary flows have been tortured by the government’s recent free-money flood.  The fair absorption of the recent flood is still in process.

We begin with seven brief excerpts extracted from, thus pointing to, our subsequent treatment, Continue reading

John H. Cochrane’s “The Federal Reserve Deserves a Pat on the Back”

The Wall Street Journal of 12/26/2023 featured an article by John H. Cochrane (Hoover Institution) titled “The Federal Reserve Deserves a Pat on the Back.”   Continue reading

Regarding Authenticity in Doing Macroeconomics

There follows a paraphrase of a brief passage written by Lonergan in [Dunne and Laporte, 1978, pp. 76-78]

… divers men can ask themselves whether or not they are genuinescientists of explanatory macroeconomics.  They may answer that they are, and their answers may be correct.  But it can also happen that they answer affirmatively and none the less are mistaken. In that case there will be a series of points in which what they are coincides with what the ideals of the tradition demand.  But there wil also be another series marked by a greater or less divergence.  These points of divergence tend to be overlooked.  Whether from a selective inattention, or a failure to understand, or an undetected rationalization, the divergence exists.  What I am is one thing, what a genuine scientist is is another, and I am unaware of the difference.  My unawareness is unexpressed.  Indeed, I have no language to express what I really am, so I use the language of the tradition I unauthentically appropriate, and thereby I devaluate, distort, water down, corrupt that language. Continue reading

Just Thinkin’

On this website, we attempt to concentrate our efforts on only the pure systematics and dynamics of Bernard Lonergan’s Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics.  That is, we treat only the formal cause or immanent intelligibility of the pure science of Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics. Without knowledge of the pure science, applied science, which is concerned to treat human efficient causality, is in the dark. Fed, Treasury, BEA, NBER, CBO, university professors, financial analysts, and corporate strategists please take note!

It would be beneficial to Niall Ferguson and to the readers of his descriptive history, The Ascent of Money, were a macroeconomist to select an episode and, rather than describe the event, explain it using the tightly knit explanatory conjugates and relations of Lonergan’s Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics.  A scientific analysis would provide both greater clarification and explanation in Ferguson’s work, and further cumulative verification of Lonergan’s hypothesis-become-theory. A similar recommendation would apply to Ray Dalio to assign and supervise an in-house economist to clarify and deepen Dalio’s excellent catalog of historical financial blunders., Also  James Mackintosh of the Wall Street Journal could take the same course to make even better his “Streetwise” articles. Mackintosh might also enjoy reading Lonergan’s seminal Insight: A Study of Human Understanding, called by P. McShane “the most significant book of the twentieth century.”

For both graduate students of macroeconomics and their professors, the understanding and implementation of Functional Macroeconomic Dynamics, AKA Macroeconomic Field theory, could provide the basis of a happy and rewarding career.

Einstein said in connection with Special Relativity Theory, Everything is relativeLonergan said regarding macroeconomic dynamics, The analysis is functional and purely relational. In normative Monetary Field Theory all velocitous and accelerative flows of products and payments are connected in a purely-relational, unitary, coherent system.  And coherence means that all the explanatory conjugates and equations “hang together in a single unified theory.”

On one hand, in Centesimus Annus we affirm and emphasize the freedoms of the person, including the right to own what the person crafts, and we emphasize the dignity of the person.  On the other hand, we note in the totalitarian system of government:

 As healing can have no truck with hatred, so too it can have no truck with materialism.  For the healer is essentially a reformer; first and foremost he counts on what is best in man.  But the materialist is condemned by his own principles to be no more that a manipulator.  He will apply to human beings the stick-and-carrot treatment that the Harvard behaviorist B.F. Skinner advocates under the name reinforcement.  He will maintain with Marx that cultural attitudes are the byproduct  of material conditions, and so he will bestow upon those subjected to communist power the salutary conditions of a closed frontier, clear and firm indoctrination, controlled media of information, a vigilant secret police, and the terrifying threat of labor camps. [CWL 15, 104] (A Gathering of Entries re Marxism) Click here)

Einstein would characterize Faraday’s and Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory as the “greatest alteration … in our conception of the structure of reality since the foundation of theoretical physics by Newton.” (quoted in Hirshfeld, 2006, p. 212) Perhaps we might say something comparable about Lonergan’s macroeconomics, gnoseology, and theology.

It’s unfortunate that people can’t rise above instinctual political and ethnic tribalism and us-against-them mentalities to higher-level principles of right rather than wrong, good rather than evil, truth rather than falsity, love rather than hate.

Let desperate, intellectually and personally weak individuals gain unmerited power and glory and many of them will do whatever they perceive necessary to hold onto that power and glory.  They will deceive even themselves.  They will develop a god-complex and come to consider their twisted inclinations and shallow hunches the supreme truth. For those many, no lie will be too big; and no giveaway to buy votes will be too profligate or damaging to the public welfare and the good of order.  So, we ask, Do our empowering systems of politics and communication – executive, legislative, judicial, deep-state, academic, electronic and print – allow the general public to become hostage to weak, shallow, deceitful, power-holding individuals?

How many socioeconomic problems are primarily cultural problems, with clueless leaders throwing more and more money in vain at what are basically problems of culture and its ethos? A president or prime minister or chancellor must not confuse cultural problems with economic problems.  A vast educational effort is called for.

A Must-Read: Fred Lawrence, “Money, Institutions, And The Human Good”: An Ordered Perspective Distinguishing Social and Monetary Values.

when a limited liability company has served its day, it goes to bankruptcy court; but when bureaucrats take over power, they intend to stay. … when the pressure of terrorism is needed to oil the wheels of enterprise, then the immediate effect is either an explosion or else servile degeneracy. (CWL 15, Editors’ Introduction xxxiv) Continue reading

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